Queensland Sunset Dates – The Pursuit of Fairness
October 2024 Edition
Long has buying a house, unit or land ‘off the plan’ been commonplace in Queensland. The pressure of increasing demand and a supply that is struggling to keep pace necessitate forms of home acquisition that are not necessarily commonplace in years gone by. However, with no end in sight to the desire to live in the Sunshine State, and enjoy the lifestyle that it has to offer, failing some miraculous materialisation of new homes, off the plan purchases are more than likely here to stay, and indeed, become more and more the norm.
What is it to Purchase ‘Off the Plan’?
To buy a home ‘off the plan’ is to enter into a contract to purchase a lot prior to it being registered with the Queensland Department of Resources as an individual property. In other words, the contract will describe the lot as a ‘proposed lot’ contained within a larger parcel of land, usually shown on a proposed plan of subdivision of the larger parcel.
There are certainly advantages of purchasing ‘off the plan’, it is certainly normal that the purchase price is likely less than if the lot was its own standalone lot as at the contract date. It is, perhaps, accurate to say that a more interdependent relationship is created between the seller and the buyer, as the seller likely needs to show their financiers the contracts for the subdivided lots in order for their funding to be approved and received. Thus, through this relationship both parties are placed in an advantageous position though the buyer’s willingness to be bound to purchase prior to registration, and the seller’s willingness to account for the buyer’s investment into their project, usually in its infancy.
The drawbacks are likely obvious. The primary to be addressed is the uncertainty as to timing. As a lot of work needs to be done to register a subdivision into the individual lots, no certain date may be provided for when the buyer will become the owner of the lot. From a legal perspective, this is expressed that settlement will occur a set number of days after the seller has completed certain key milestones up to the creation of the proposed lot as a standalone parcel whose ownership is capable of being transferred to the buyer.
What is a Sunset Date?
A sunset date is a date by which all of the key milestones must be achieved, and in practice, is the determining factor to the last day that settlement may occur.
The State of Queensland has statutory limits on the maximum time after the contract date that a sunset date may be:
- If you are purchasing within a community titles scheme (being units, apartments, townhouses etc.), then it is five and a half years after the contract date; or
- If you are purchasing land, then it is eighteen months after the contract date.
Usually, contracts contain the provision that if settlement does not occur by the above, or shorter dates, then either party may rescind the contract, with any deposit to be returned to the buyer.
An Opportunity for the Unscrupulous
Sadly, it is human nature that some may seek to take unfair advantage of the operation of the law for mercenary or other reasons. This is certainly not; however, to say that all or even anywhere near the majority of sellers of off the plan lots would do so.
In recent times, the ability for a seller to terminate contracts after the sunset date has been put under the magnifying glass of public opinion. It is a fact that housing prices in Queensland have risen dramatically over a short period of years, and a lot that was previously marketable at one price may now be saleable for hundreds of thousands more.
The accusation that we have heard countless times is that a seller may be unjustly delaying the creation of the individual lots in order to exercise their sunset date rights, and resell at a far greater profit.
Once more, this is not all sellers, but a very small minority.
Protections to Buyers
Hearing the attention being given to this legal space, on 22 November 2023, the Queensland Government enacted some statutory protections to buyers of off the plan land (but not units). From its enaction, and applying to any off the plan land contract entered into but not settled prior to 22 November 2023, a seller may not terminate the contract unless they have obtained either:
- The consent of the buyer; or
- An order from the Court allowing for the termination, which would necessitate the seller proving that it has done all things reasonably possible and that it would be just and equitable to terminate the contract.
To reiterate, this only applies to off the plan land, not units. When such protections are to be allowed to unit buyers is not within our knowledge.
Moving Forward
Sunset dates and clauses allowing for their operation are one of, if not the, most nuanced aspects of off the plan sales contracts. Care should be taken both as a buyer and as a seller in their drafting and understanding prior to entering into a contract.
Our offices have extensive experience in acting for both sellers and buyers of off the plan lots, and if you are considering being either we would be pleased to offer our assistance and ensure that you fully understand the terms of these contracts and are an educated buyer or seller.
Disclaimer: This article is for general understanding and should not be used as a substitute for professional legal advice. Any reliance on the information is strictly at the user's risk, and there is no intention to create a lawyer-client relationship from this general communication.
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Even a seemingly small, non-deposit payment can convert a standard contract into an instalment contract. Non-Refundable Deposits: While less common in standard contracts, if a deposit is structured to be non-refundable, particularly if released to the seller, it can be re-characterised as an instalment, thereby triggering the Act's provisions. The Unexpected Consequences: Why Sellers Must Beware For sellers, the inadvertent creation of an instalment contract introduces a suite of statutory protections for the buyer. It is important to be aware of these protections as they restrict how a seller may deal with a buyer’s default of the contract. These protections include: Restricted Termination Rights (Section 72 PLA): Unlike standard contracts, a seller cannot immediately terminate for a buyer's default under an instalment contract. The seller must provide the buyer with at least 30 days' written notice to remedy the breach before the seller may exercise a right of termination. The inability to immediately terminate an instalment contract will often have lasting delays from a seller who may be unable to enter into a subsequent contract, even where it is abundantly clear the buyer will be unable to complete the contract. Buyer's Right to Lodge a Caveat (Section 74 PLA): Under an instalment contract, the buyer gains an express statutory right to lodge a non-lapsing caveat over the property. This caveat prevents the registration of any other instrument affecting the title of the property until it is removed, potentially complicating any dealings with the land. Buyer's Right to Demand Conveyance (Section 75 PLA): Perhaps most impactful, if the buyer has paid one-third or more of the purchase price (and is not in default), the buyer can demand by written notice that the seller transfer the legal title to them immediately. 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Unfortunately, it is often the case that instalment contracts are inadvertently entered into, and the statutory protections are enlivened without the knowledge or intent of either the buyer or seller. To avoid creating an instalment contract, particular care must be taken with: ensuring a deposit and any associated payments do not exceed the prescribed percentage of 10% (20% for off-the-plan purchases) of the purchase price; any agreements for additional payments under a contract prior to settlement, such as license fees or early possession payments, are separate from the contract; accepting non-refundable payments from a buyer when agreeing to extensions to critical dates in the contract that do not entitle the buyer to receive conveyance of the property. Before entering into any contract for the sale or purchase of residential property, we recommend seeking legal advice to ensure that you are not unknowingly entering into an instalment contract. 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Even a seemingly small, non-deposit payment can convert a standard contract into an instalment contract. Non-Refundable Deposits: While less common in standard contracts, if a deposit is structured to be non-refundable, particularly if released to the seller, it can be re-characterised as an instalment, thereby triggering the Act's provisions. The Unexpected Consequences: Why Sellers Must Beware For sellers, the inadvertent creation of an instalment contract introduces a suite of statutory protections for the buyer. It is important to be aware of these protections as they restrict how a seller may deal with a buyer’s default of the contract. These protections include: Restricted Termination Rights (Section 72 PLA): Unlike standard contracts, a seller cannot immediately terminate for a buyer's default under an instalment contract. The seller must provide the buyer with at least 30 days' written notice to remedy the breach before the seller may exercise a right of termination. The inability to immediately terminate an instalment contract will often have lasting delays from a seller who may be unable to enter into a subsequent contract, even where it is abundantly clear the buyer will be unable to complete the contract. Buyer's Right to Lodge a Caveat (Section 74 PLA): Under an instalment contract, the buyer gains an express statutory right to lodge a non-lapsing caveat over the property. This caveat prevents the registration of any other instrument affecting the title of the property until it is removed, potentially complicating any dealings with the land. Buyer's Right to Demand Conveyance (Section 75 PLA): Perhaps most impactful, if the buyer has paid one-third or more of the purchase price (and is not in default), the buyer can demand by written notice that the seller transfer the legal title to them immediately. It is however, a condition of the transfer that the seller be permitted to execute a mortgage over the property in favour of the seller for the remaining balance of the purchase price. This transforms the seller into a mortgagee and imputes the seller with all the associated risks and responsibilities as mortgagee of the property. Deposit of Title Deeds (Section 76 PLA): A purchaser can also require the vendor to deposit a duly executed transfer document with a prescribed authority (such as a solicitor) to be held in trust until the time for performance of the contract arrives, the contract is discharged by performance or otherwise, or upon an order of the court. Protecting Your Position The statutory protections imposed for the benefit of a buyer under an instalment contract can be significant for sellers, and may impact a seller’s financial liquidity, control over their property, and ability to enter into subsequent contracts following a buyer’s default. Unfortunately, it is often the case that instalment contracts are inadvertently entered into, and the statutory protections are enlivened without the knowledge or intent of either the buyer or seller. To avoid creating an instalment contract, particular care must be taken with: ensuring a deposit and any associated payments do not exceed the prescribed percentage of 10% (20% for off-the-plan purchases) of the purchase price; any agreements for additional payments under a contract prior to settlement, such as license fees or early possession payments, are separate from the contract; accepting non-refundable payments from a buyer when agreeing to extensions to critical dates in the contract that do not entitle the buyer to receive conveyance of the property. Before entering into any contract for the sale or purchase of residential property, we recommend seeking legal advice to ensure that you are not unknowingly entering into an instalment contract. Instalment contracts can present both opportunities and challenges in property transactions. This article aims to clarify those key points for you. At CJM Lawyers, we pride ourselves on offering clear, personalised advice to ensure your property dealings are smooth and secure. Our trusted property team can assist and guide you through contract reviews, negotiating terms, identifying any potential risks and protecting your interests. Speak to a member of our team today to help safeguard your investment. Disclaimer: This article provides general information only and does not constitute legal advice. It is essential to seek specific professional legal advice tailored to your individual circumstances.
By Amanda Dowers
•
5 August 2025
Recovering unpaid debts is a critical concern for businesses and individuals alike. While some may attempt to recover debts independently, engaging a lawyer offers significant advantages that can enhance the likelihood of successful recovery and protect the creditor’s interests throughout the process. 1. Legal Experience and Strategic Guidance Lawyers possess a comprehensive understanding of debt recovery laws, including relevant statutes, regulations, and procedural requirements. They can assess the merits of a claim, advise on the most effective recovery strategies, and ensure compliance with all legal obligations, thereby reducing the risk of procedural errors that could jeopardize the claim. 2. Professional Communication and Negotiation A lawyer’s involvement often signals to the debtor the seriousness of the creditor’s intent to recover the debt. Lawyers are skilled negotiators who can engage with debtors professionally, increasing the likelihood of reaching a settlement without the need for litigation. Their ability to draft and send formal demand letters can prompt payment or constructive dialogue. 3. Efficient Litigation and Enforcement Should negotiation fail, lawyers are equipped to initiate legal proceedings efficiently. They can prepare and file court documents, represent the creditor in hearings, and pursue enforcement actions such as garnishments, charging orders, or asset seizures. Their familiarity with court processes ensures that the matter progresses without unnecessary delay. 4. Risk Mitigation and Compliance Debt recovery efforts must comply with laws and regulations. Lawyers can ensure that all actions taken are lawful, thereby minimizing the risk of counterclaims or regulatory penalties. 5. Maximizing Recovery and Cost Efficiency By leveraging legal tools such as statutory interest, costs recovery, and security interests, lawyers can maximize the amount recovered. Their ability to assess the debtor’s financial position and identify available assets further enhances the prospects of successful recovery. Conclusion Engaging a lawyer in the debt recovery process provides creditors with legal experience, strategic advantage, and procedural efficiency. This professional support not only increases the likelihood of recovering unpaid debts but also ensures that the creditor’s rights are protected throughout the process. Recovering unpaid debts can be stressful and complicated. After reading this article, know that CJM Lawyers is here to help you navigate the process with confidence. We tailor our approach based on your unique situation through practical and reliable support to help you recover what you’re owed. This can be done through negotiation, mediation, and/or legal action. Our team works closely with you to protect your rights and achieve the best possible result.
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By Kale Venz and Luis Gonzalez
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8 September 2025
Why is IP Protection Crucial for Your Business? In today's fast-paced, innovation-driven economy, what truly differentiates a business isn't always tangible. It's often the unique ideas, the recognisable brand, the innovative processes, and the creative works – collectively known as intellectual property (IP). For businesses of all sizes, from agile startups to established enterprises, protecting these intangible assets isn't just a legal formality; it's a strategy for long-term success and growth. In Australia, like anywhere else, a failure to proactively protect your IP can expose your business to significant risks, undermining your competitive edge and stifling your potential for expansion. Safeguarding Your Competitive Advantage Imagine dedicating countless hours and significant resources to developing a groundbreaking product or a distinctive brand identity. Without proper IP protection, a competitor could legally replicate your innovation or imitate your branding, directly siphoning off your market share. This isn't just about preventing direct copying; it's about building a legal "moat" around what makes your business unique. Trademarks protect your brand name, logo, slogan, and even unique packaging, ensuring that customers can distinguish your goods and services from those of competitors. A strong, protected trademark builds brand loyalty and trust. Trade Secrets cover confidential business information that provides a competitive advantage, such as proprietary formulas, customer lists, or manufacturing processes. Maintaining their secrecy through robust internal controls and agreements is key to their protection. By securing these rights, you gain the legal standing to deter infringement and take action against those who try to unfairly capitalise on your hard work. Attracting Investment and Enhancing Business Value For startups seeking funding or established companies looking for expansion capital, a strong IP portfolio is a powerful magnet for investors. Venture capitalists and lenders increasingly view IP as a critical asset, reflecting a company's innovation, market potential, and reduced risk profile. A robust IP strategy signals that your business is not only innovative but also strategically sound and legally protected. IP assets can significantly enhance your business's overall valuation. Imagine a tech company with a suite of patents covering its core technology, or a consumer brand with globally recognised trademarks; these assets add substantial value beyond physical property. In a similar vein, your trademarks can significantly enhance the value of your business. Generating Revenue Streams IP is not merely a defensive tool; it's an offensive weapon for revenue generation. Once your IP is protected, you can monetise it in various ways: Licensing: Granting others the right to use your patented technology, copyrighted material, or trademarked brand in exchange for royalties or fees. This can open new income streams without requiring expense from your side. Franchising: For businesses with strong brands and proven business models, IP protection is fundamental to successful franchising, allowing you to expand your footprint while maintaining control over your brand identity and operational standards. Sale of IP: Your intellectual property can be sold outright, providing a significant capital injection. Conclusion In the dynamic business landscape of today, intellectual property is no longer a niche legal concern but a core business asset. Prioritising its protection is fundamental to securing your competitive advantage, attracting crucial investment, opening new revenue avenues, and fostering an environment of innovation. By understanding and proactively managing your IP, your business can build a resilient foundation for sustainable growth and long-term success.
By Kale Venz
•
5 August 2025
In the dynamic landscape of Queensland property, certainty and clarity are paramount. While most residential property contracts proceed smoothly from signing to settlement, there lies a subtle legal nuance that can dramatically alter the rights and obligations of both buyers and sellers: the instalment contract. Often unintentionally created, instalment contracts grant buyers several statutory protections in the case of a buyer’s default, which restrict a seller’s right to deal with the contract. What is an Instalment Contract? Under section 71 of the Property Law Act 1974 (Qld), an instalment contract is broadly defined as an executory contract for the sale of land where the purchaser is bound to make one or more payments (other than a deposit) without becoming entitled to receive a conveyance (transfer of title) in exchange for those payments. In essence, it's a contract where the buyer makes payments to the seller, which do not form part of the deposit over time before the property formally changes hands at settlement. The 10% Threshold and Beyond: A Critical Trigger The term "deposit" itself has a specific meaning within the Property Law Act. The Act provides that a deposit cannot exceed 10% of the purchase price (or 20% for off-the-plan sales). Where the deposit exceeds the prescribed percentage of the purchase price, the contract will be deemed to be an instalment contract, regardless of the intentions of the parties. A contract may also fall within the meaning of an instalment contract in the following circumstances: Additional Pre-Settlement Payments: Payments such as license fees, early possession fees, or any other amounts paid by the buyer to the seller before settlement, and separate from the deposit, can inadvertently trigger an instalment contract. Even a seemingly small, non-deposit payment can convert a standard contract into an instalment contract. Non-Refundable Deposits: While less common in standard contracts, if a deposit is structured to be non-refundable, particularly if released to the seller, it can be re-characterised as an instalment, thereby triggering the Act's provisions. The Unexpected Consequences: Why Sellers Must Beware For sellers, the inadvertent creation of an instalment contract introduces a suite of statutory protections for the buyer. It is important to be aware of these protections as they restrict how a seller may deal with a buyer’s default of the contract. These protections include: Restricted Termination Rights (Section 72 PLA): Unlike standard contracts, a seller cannot immediately terminate for a buyer's default under an instalment contract. The seller must provide the buyer with at least 30 days' written notice to remedy the breach before the seller may exercise a right of termination. The inability to immediately terminate an instalment contract will often have lasting delays from a seller who may be unable to enter into a subsequent contract, even where it is abundantly clear the buyer will be unable to complete the contract. Buyer's Right to Lodge a Caveat (Section 74 PLA): Under an instalment contract, the buyer gains an express statutory right to lodge a non-lapsing caveat over the property. This caveat prevents the registration of any other instrument affecting the title of the property until it is removed, potentially complicating any dealings with the land. Buyer's Right to Demand Conveyance (Section 75 PLA): Perhaps most impactful, if the buyer has paid one-third or more of the purchase price (and is not in default), the buyer can demand by written notice that the seller transfer the legal title to them immediately. It is however, a condition of the transfer that the seller be permitted to execute a mortgage over the property in favour of the seller for the remaining balance of the purchase price. This transforms the seller into a mortgagee and imputes the seller with all the associated risks and responsibilities as mortgagee of the property. Deposit of Title Deeds (Section 76 PLA): A purchaser can also require the vendor to deposit a duly executed transfer document with a prescribed authority (such as a solicitor) to be held in trust until the time for performance of the contract arrives, the contract is discharged by performance or otherwise, or upon an order of the court. Protecting Your Position The statutory protections imposed for the benefit of a buyer under an instalment contract can be significant for sellers, and may impact a seller’s financial liquidity, control over their property, and ability to enter into subsequent contracts following a buyer’s default. Unfortunately, it is often the case that instalment contracts are inadvertently entered into, and the statutory protections are enlivened without the knowledge or intent of either the buyer or seller. To avoid creating an instalment contract, particular care must be taken with: ensuring a deposit and any associated payments do not exceed the prescribed percentage of 10% (20% for off-the-plan purchases) of the purchase price; any agreements for additional payments under a contract prior to settlement, such as license fees or early possession payments, are separate from the contract; accepting non-refundable payments from a buyer when agreeing to extensions to critical dates in the contract that do not entitle the buyer to receive conveyance of the property. Before entering into any contract for the sale or purchase of residential property, we recommend seeking legal advice to ensure that you are not unknowingly entering into an instalment contract. Instalment contracts can present both opportunities and challenges in property transactions. This article aims to clarify those key points for you. At CJM Lawyers, we pride ourselves on offering clear, personalised advice to ensure your property dealings are smooth and secure. Our trusted property team can assist and guide you through contract reviews, negotiating terms, identifying any potential risks and protecting your interests. Speak to a member of our team today to help safeguard your investment. Disclaimer: This article provides general information only and does not constitute legal advice. It is essential to seek specific professional legal advice tailored to your individual circumstances.
By Amanda Dowers
•
5 August 2025
Recovering unpaid debts is a critical concern for businesses and individuals alike. While some may attempt to recover debts independently, engaging a lawyer offers significant advantages that can enhance the likelihood of successful recovery and protect the creditor’s interests throughout the process. 1. Legal Experience and Strategic Guidance Lawyers possess a comprehensive understanding of debt recovery laws, including relevant statutes, regulations, and procedural requirements. They can assess the merits of a claim, advise on the most effective recovery strategies, and ensure compliance with all legal obligations, thereby reducing the risk of procedural errors that could jeopardize the claim. 2. Professional Communication and Negotiation A lawyer’s involvement often signals to the debtor the seriousness of the creditor’s intent to recover the debt. Lawyers are skilled negotiators who can engage with debtors professionally, increasing the likelihood of reaching a settlement without the need for litigation. Their ability to draft and send formal demand letters can prompt payment or constructive dialogue. 3. Efficient Litigation and Enforcement Should negotiation fail, lawyers are equipped to initiate legal proceedings efficiently. They can prepare and file court documents, represent the creditor in hearings, and pursue enforcement actions such as garnishments, charging orders, or asset seizures. Their familiarity with court processes ensures that the matter progresses without unnecessary delay. 4. Risk Mitigation and Compliance Debt recovery efforts must comply with laws and regulations. Lawyers can ensure that all actions taken are lawful, thereby minimizing the risk of counterclaims or regulatory penalties. 5. Maximizing Recovery and Cost Efficiency By leveraging legal tools such as statutory interest, costs recovery, and security interests, lawyers can maximize the amount recovered. Their ability to assess the debtor’s financial position and identify available assets further enhances the prospects of successful recovery. Conclusion Engaging a lawyer in the debt recovery process provides creditors with legal experience, strategic advantage, and procedural efficiency. This professional support not only increases the likelihood of recovering unpaid debts but also ensures that the creditor’s rights are protected throughout the process. Recovering unpaid debts can be stressful and complicated. After reading this article, know that CJM Lawyers is here to help you navigate the process with confidence. We tailor our approach based on your unique situation through practical and reliable support to help you recover what you’re owed. This can be done through negotiation, mediation, and/or legal action. Our team works closely with you to protect your rights and achieve the best possible result.
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